(1)

Variable remuneration awarded in instruments should promote sound and effective risk management and should not encourage risk-taking that exceeds the level of risk appetite of the investment firm. Therefore, classes of instruments which can be used for the purposes of variable remuneration should align the interests of staff with the longer-term interests of the investment firm, its shareholders, creditors, clients and other stakeholders by providing incentives for staff to act in the longer-term interest of the investment firm.

(2)

In order to ensure that there is a strong link to the credit quality of an investment firm as a going concern, instruments used for the purposes of variable remuneration should contain appropriate trigger events for write-down or conversion which reduce the value of the instruments in situations where the credit quality of the investment firm as a going concern has deteriorated. The trigger events used for remuneration purposes should not change the level of subordination of the instruments and therefore should not lead to a disqualification of Additional Tier 1 or Tier 2 instruments as own funds instruments.

(3)

While the conditions which apply to Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 instruments are specified in Article 9 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2) in conjunction with Part Two, Title 1, Chapters 3 and 4 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (3), the Other Instruments referred to in Article 32(1), point (j)(iii), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 (‘Other Instruments’) which can be fully converted to Common Equity Tier 1 instruments or written down, are not subject to specific conditions pursuant to those Regulations as they are not classified as own funds instruments for prudential purposes. Specific requirements should therefore be set for different classes of instruments to ensure that they are appropriate to be used for the purposes of variable remuneration, taking account of the different nature of the instruments. The use of instruments for the purposes of variable remuneration should not in itself prevent instruments from qualifying as own funds of an investment firm as long as the conditions laid down in Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 are met. Nor should such use in itself be understood as providing an incentive to redeem the instrument, as after deferral and retention periods staff members are, in general, able to receive liquid funds by other means than redemption.

(4)

Other Instruments are not limited to the financial instruments specified in Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (4). To reduce the administrative burden for the creation of such instruments, those instruments should also allow for the use of other contractual arrangements between staff members and investment firms. To ensure that those Other Instruments reflect the credit quality of an investment firm as a going concern, appropriate requirements should ensure that such instruments are written down or converted before an investment firm fails to meet its own funds requirements.

(5)

When instruments used for the purposes of variable remuneration are called, redeemed, repurchased or converted, in general such transactions should not increase the value of the remuneration awarded by paying out amounts that are higher than the value of the instrument or by converting into instruments which have a higher value than the instrument initially awarded. The replacement of instruments at the same value should ensure that remuneration is not paid through vehicles or methods that facilitate non-compliance with Directive (EU) 2019/2034 or Regulation (EU) 2019/2033.

(6)

When awarding variable remuneration and when instruments used for variable remuneration are redeemed, called, repurchased or converted, those transactions should be based on values that have been established in accordance with the applicable accounting standard at the point of time of the transaction, thus ensuring that the correct amount of variable remuneration is awarded and not unduly altered when the instrument is redeemed, called, repurchased or converted.

(7)

Article 54 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 sets out the write-down and conversion mechanisms for Additional Tier 1 instruments. Additionally, Article 32(1), point (j)(iii), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 requires that Other Instruments can be fully converted into Common Equity Tier 1 instruments or written down. As the economic outcome of a conversion or write-down of Other Instruments is the same as for Additional Tier 1 instruments, write-down or conversion mechanisms for Other Instruments should take into account the mechanisms that apply to Additional Tier 1 instruments, with adaptations to take account of the fact that Other Instruments do not qualify as own fund instruments from a prudential perspective. Tier 2 instruments are not subject to regulatory requirements regarding write-down and conversion under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013. To ensure that the value of all such instruments, when used for variable remuneration, is reduced when the credit quality of the investment firm deteriorates, the situations in which a write-down or conversion of the instrument is necessary should be specified. The write-down, write-up and conversion mechanisms for Tier 2 and Other Instruments should be specified to ensure consistent application.

(8)

Distributions arising from instruments can take various forms. They can be variable or fixed and can be paid periodically or at the final maturity of an instrument. To promote sound and effective risk management, no distributions should be paid to staff during deferral periods. Staff members should only receive the distributions in respect of periods which follow the vesting of the instrument, after which staff becomes its legal owner. Therefore, only instruments with distributions which are paid periodically to the owner of the instrument are appropriate for use as variable remuneration. Zero coupon bonds or instruments which retain earnings should not be part of remuneration which must consist of any of the instruments referred to inArticle 32(1), point (j), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034. This is because staff would benefit during the deferral period from increasing values, which can be understood as equivalent to receiving distributions.

(9)

Very high distributions can reduce the long-term incentive for prudent risk-taking as they effectively increase the variable part of the remuneration. In particular, distributions should not be paid out at intervals of longer than one year, as this would lead to distributions effectively accumulating during deferral periods and being paid out once the variable remuneration vests. Accumulation of distributions would circumvent the principle laid down in Article 32(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 that remuneration payable under deferral arrangements vests no faster than on a pro rata basis. Article 32(2), point (b), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 requires that variable remuneration is not to be paid through financial vehicles or methods that facilitate the non-compliance with that Directive or Regulation (EU) 2019/2033. Therefore, distributions made after the instrument has vested should not exceed market rates for such instruments issued by other investment firms or institutions of comparable credit quality. This should be ensured by requiring instruments used for variable remuneration, or the instruments to which they are linked, to be issued mainly to other investors, or by requiring such instruments to be subject to a cap on distributions.

(10)

Deferral and retention requirements which apply to awards of variable remuneration pursuant to Article 32(1), point (l), and Article 32(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 have to be met at all relevant times, including when instruments used for variable remuneration are called, redeemed, repurchased or converted. In such situations, instruments should therefore be replaced with Additional Tier 1, Tier 2 and Other Instruments which reflect the credit quality of the investment firm as a going concern, have features equivalent to those of the instrument initially awarded, and are of the same value, taking into account any amounts which have been written down. Where instruments other than Additional Tier 1 instruments have a fixed maturity date, minimum requirements should be set for the remaining maturity of such instruments when they are awarded in order to ensure that they are consistent with requirements regarding the deferral and retention periods for variable remuneration.

(11)

Directive (EU) 2019/2034 does not limit the classes of instruments that can be used for variable remuneration to a specific class of financial instruments. It should therefore be possible to use synthetic instruments or contracts between staff members and investment firms which are linked to Additional Tier 1 instruments and Tier 2 instruments which can be fully converted or written down. This allows for the introduction of specific conditions in the terms of such instruments which apply only to instruments awarded to staff, without the need to impose such conditions on other investors.

(12)

In a group context, issuances may be managed centrally within a parent undertaking, including situations where the parent undertaking is subject to Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (5) or Directive 2019/2034. Investment firms within a group may not always themselves issue instruments which are appropriate to be used for the purpose of variable remuneration. Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 in conjunction with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 enables Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 instruments issued through an entity within the scope of consolidation to form part of an investment firm’s own funds subject to certain conditions. Therefore, it should also be possible to use such instruments for the purpose of variable remuneration, provided that there is a clear link between the credit quality of the investment firm using those instruments for the purpose of variable remuneration and the credit quality of the issuer of the instrument. Such a link can usually be assumed to be the case between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary. Instruments other than Additional Tier 1 instruments and Tier 2 instruments that are not issued directly by an investment firm should also be capable of being used for variable remuneration, subject to equivalent conditions. Instruments that are linked to reference instruments issued by parent undertakings in third countries and that are otherwise equivalent to Additional Tier 1 instruments or Tier 2 instruments should be eligible to be used for the purposes of variable remuneration where the trigger event refers to the investment firm using such a synthetic instrument.

(13)

Article 32(1), point (k), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, enables investment firms that do not issue any of the instruments referred to in Article 32(1), point (j), of that Directive, to use alternative arrangements, provided that the competent authority approves such use and provided that such arrangements fulfil the same objectives as the instruments referred to in Article 32(1), point (j), of that Directive. To fulfil the same objectives, such alternative arrangements should thus ensure that the variable remuneration awarded is subject to implicit risk adjustments. The value of such alternative arrangements should thus decrease whenever there is an adverse effect on the performance of the investment firm concerned or the assets it manages. Furthermore, where the investment firm is subject to the requirement to defer variable remuneration under Article 32(1), point (l), of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, the alternative arrangements should also be consistent with the requirement to defer variable remuneration, and with the application of malus or clawback arrangements and retention periods to variable remuneration paid in instruments.

(14)

This Regulation is based on the draft regulatory technical standards submitted to the Commission by the European Banking Authority after having consulted the European Securities and Markets Authority.

(15)

The European Banking Authority has conducted open public consultations on the draft regulatory technical standards on which this Regulation is based, analysed the potential related costs and benefits and requested the advice of the Banking Stakeholder Group established in accordance with Article 37 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council (6),